Epistemological philosophy. Ontological philosophy is different from traditional philosophy, because philosophers have traditionally taken an epistemological approach. They tried to demonstrate more fundamental truths about the world than ordinary ways of knowing by taking as their foundation a theory about the nature of reason which was arrived at in some way by reflecting on how we know. Those truths were called “necessary,” but since the foundation was epistemological, rather than ontological, all that could be accomplished was to show that they are certain. In epistemological philosophy, what distinguishes necessary truths from ordinary knowledge is certainty (rather than being entailed by a deeper explanation of the world). Certainty is epistemological necessity.
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